Language in Conrads Heart of Darkness free essay sample

The Segmentation of Language in Heart of Darkness Language in the broadest sense is correspondence between species, with differing degrees of multifaceted nature. The motivation behind every single human language is to convey †to move a message starting with one individual then onto the next. The message content comprises of realities and importance; being the consistent and passionate components, individually. Messages may comprise exclusively of realities â€Å"It is five oclock. † or absolutely meaning, for example, â€Å"I love you. † However, most messages require the two components, yet created nations rise of certainty over significance has hamstringed dialects viability. All through Heart of Darkness Joseph Conrad centers around this separation of certainty and importance, giving an intertwined study of the division of language utilizing outline account, examination of composed word, and juxtaposition of present day language with the crude language from immaculate Africa. Marlow starts and closures his story in a lotus position, summoning the idea of psyche over issue. Be that as it may, how precisely does this portray Marlow? At numerous focuses Marlow loses his self-restraint because of his powerlessness to pass on importance. In the first place, the â€Å"outside† storyteller compares a story’s significance with a â€Å"haze†, or haze (1893). In his similarity, the significance is â€Å"brought out† with a â€Å"glow† of light. Be that as it may, sparkle an excessive amount of light, and the haze envelopes the way (I. e. realities of the story). This is the thing that happens when Marlow focuses exclusively on the point he wishes to pass on; the significance is lost in an ocean of feelings without any realities to grapple them, delivering outrage and disappointment that obliterate his Buddha imitating. Fernandez 2 Conrad’s utilization of a casing story serves numerous capacities. Similar expressions passed on through an ethereal storyteller would come up short on the enthusiastic substance. The peruser identifies with a human storyteller who has feelings, while an ethereal storyteller traditionally can pass on choices yet not articulate uncertainty. The casing account underscores the incongruity that African locals have little trouble orally recounting to a story. Civilization’s large scale manufacturing of the composed word has decayed its citizen’s capacity to recount to a straightforward story. Strangely, the way that Marlow experienced this story really disappoints as opposed to braces his capacity. Bruffee calls attention to Marlow’s â€Å"disillusionment with words† develops as he draws nearer to Kurtz, at the same time â€Å"becom[ing] less and less captivated of words as Fernandez 3 the verbose Kurtz talks† (Bruffee 327). As a sailor, Marlow may feel deficient to play out a vocation that is outside his calling. The business of narrating debilitates laymen from endeavoring this refined aptitude. Heart of Darkness has a â€Å"outside† storyteller (not Marlow) who is a crew member on board the Nellie. While nothing is thought about this storyteller crew member, the other three Nellie travelers speak to civilization’s upper-white collar class. The Accountant and the Lawyer are fitting beneficiaries of a story of unscrupulous corporate voracity, while the Director, looking â€Å"so nautical† (1891) typifies industrialization’s inordinate division, for his position keeps him shorewards. In contrast to Heart of Darkness, The Return †a prior work of Conrads †utilizes a customary, omniscient storyteller that obviously shows the interior strains the hero feels. Conrad was reprimanded for this unreasonable narratorial coddling, and the novel needed open intrigue. Be that as it may, as Marlow, The Returns hero battles with a polarity of language. After learning his significant other has left him, he shouts, â€Å"She’s gone! It was horrible †not the reality, however the words; the words accused of the shadowy may of a meaning† (Kramer 8) (accentuation included). Skilleas alludes to Conrad’s topic of limitation as the â€Å"saving effortlessness of†¦ work† that grapples one to the real world (Skilleas 53). In particular, it is industrialized work, or work that doesn't legitimately give food, attire, or safe house, that immunizes Marlow from madness. â€Å"[I]ndeed,† says Marlow, â€Å"to be occupied with material undertakings is the best additive specialist against reflection, fears, [and] doubts† (McIntyre 193). Industrialized work relies on realities; minimal enthusiastic significance is expected to screen a heater. Kurtz, alone and occupied with less dull work, gets helpless. While generous, the native’s culture blended in with paternalistic goals produces conceit inside Kurtz. Fernandez 4 The restriction of industrialized work goes the two different ways. Both the boss accountant’s laundress and Marlow’s fire fighter (evaporator administrator) were â€Å"improved specimen† in the wake of learning an ability (1916). While this infers development shields mankind from savage craziness, Marlow makes a special effort to standardize the locals and their way of life. Ancient man[‘s]† ceremonies might be â€Å"ugly† (1916), yet he compares them to â€Å"the sound of ringers in a Christian country† (1904). Inside Heart of Darkness are two composed works: Towson’s An Inquiry into Some Points of Seamanship and Kurtz’ handout to the International Society for the Suppression of Savage Customs. Both are instructional in nature. As Towson’s book shows a specialized expertise, it need exclusively center around realities to precisely pass on its message. Kurtzs handout is an investigation of how to better the locals. This leaflet gives the most serious case of language division. An exact appraisal must contain the two realities and significance, yet al the importance has been taken from the message. Just realities remain, clouding and encoding the suggestion to be increasingly satisfactory, prefiguring Adolf Hitler’s â€Å"Final Solution. † Marlow remarks that â€Å"what spares us is proficiency †the dedication to efficiency† (1894). Be that as it may, productivity is taunted by the pamphlet’s content †seventeen pages are summed up by the postscript’s four words that pass on the flyers genuine importance: â€Å"Exterminate all the beasts! † (1927). Marlow amusingly compares the Europeans English with the local group mates language when their steamer is assaulted by Kurtzs locals. The scene starts with the call to arms. (While Marlow later depicts the cry as â€Å"protective† (1921), battle cry stays a substantial name. ) Besides morally reports the natives’ nearness (something shunned in present day fighting as pointlessly gallant) its piercing tone passes on †in a couple of syllables †the way that the Europeans are intruding and are to turn around. The fundamental importance †â€Å"I am dangerous† †is moreover Fernandez 5 passed on. In this limit the call to arms copies nature, as a cobra’s murmuring and shaking pass on the most clear message â€Å"Back away or there will be consequences! † War-cries exist in different societies. Numerous Native American clans utilized calls to arms, and all hand-to-hand battles (I. e. pre-WWI) utilized them to various degrees. Secondary schools and universities have stretched out the training to the spectators, where fans yell serenades to prod in their group. The call to arms seems all inclusive. The rallying call has the proposed impact on the Europeans, imparting trepidation and disarray. Their local team mates, be that as it may, show â€Å"an alert, normally intrigued expression† (1918). The predominant capability of the Europeans ought to have lightened quite a bit of their anxiety; it at first didn't, maybe in light of the fact that none of the Europeans were fighters. Division of work, or possibly discretion, stripped them of this warrior personnel that is simply one more feature of the natives’ lives. After the underlying stun of the call to arms, the Europeans are â€Å"greatly discomposed†. Conversely the locals â€Å"exchange short, snorting phrases, which appeared to settle the issue to their satisfaction† (1919). The broadness of significant substance traded in a few snorts is shocking. Industrialization champions the temperance of proficiency, yet the unavoidable division under the pennant of specialization will in general block productivity. For instance, current military staff must be shown code and motions †another dialect †to convey adequately during fight. While a country may communicate in one command language, industry language and financial vernaculars serve to confine the transmission of significance. Correspondence is currently a school major, making vulnerability with respect to who is really able to lead such an undertaking. In no time a short time later, the supervisor inquires as to whether he figures the locals will assault. Marlow reacts with a long talk, stunning his kindred Europeans. This monologue is most likely ten to multiple times longer than his individual natives’ evaluation. Numerous substantial reasons, for example, Fernandez 6 newness to Africa and a feeling of strategy, exist for Marlow’s garrulity. In any case, the differentiation proposes a pointlessness in current language that hinders its essential objective. Marlow utilizes non-verbal communication once, when he turns his shoulder towards the administrator after he remarks, â€Å"You are the captain† (1921). The locals, be that as it may, use non-verbal communication, including hand motions, all the more frequently. This usage of the whole body gives the client more instruments to successfully convey. Kurtz’s Russian devotee (the â€Å"harlequin†) hurls his arms while lauding the excellencies of his master (1931). Prior to this specific signal, the Russian had ordinarily undulated his arms while talking. In any case, this event drew the gaze of one of the locals installed the steamer. The Russians activity foretells the last occurrence where the local lady raises her arms as a last supplication for Kurtz to remain or maybe a wretched concession of misfortune (1940). Heart of Darkness is an excursion towards a discussion, as Marlow is â€Å"looking forward to

Compare and Contrast Federal and State Prisons

A prison is a foundation built up and constrained by the legislature. The prison framework in the United Stated has as its essential objective of keeping, lodging and rebuffing people who have been indicted for lawful offense violations. Up until the nineteenth century, jail frameworks were not normal. The basic prison goes back to antiquated occasions, however was utilized to confine people incidentally until the person was discovered guiltless, fined, or exposed to flogging. By and large, beating was frequently held for the lower classes, since those with implies had the option to most fines required against them. Those wrongdoings that were not considered capital violations were deserving of methods for open whippings, injuring, or being disgraced. Truly, there have been two sorts of detainment facilities or prison frameworks in the United States. The Pennsylvania and the New York prison frameworks structure the premise are prison frameworks in the United States. Despite the fact that the two offer a portion of similar standards, they vary in numerous regards and it isn't amazing that supporters of each kind accept emphatically that their favored framework is the most alluring and best speaks to that which describes the correctional framework. Hattery, 2007) The Pennsylvania framework was brought into American culture by the Quakers and is by a long shot the more preservationist of the two prison frameworks. The strict Quakers tried to supplant the current unfeeling techniques for discipline that had been related with beating with ordered at this point profitable work escalated strategies. Be fore the illuminated Quakers section into the corrective framework, crooks were mishandled on account of both formal and casual governments. Discipline included marking, mutilation, whipping and other unforgiving disciplines. Under the Pennsylvania framework, detainees are housed in singular cells. Detainees are required to take part in unpaid difficult help for whatever length of time that the person is housed in the administration run organization. Working hours are unmistakably characterized and convicts are relied upon to agree to jail strategy. While detained, convicts are not admissible to interface with different detainees and on the off chance that they come into contact with others, they are not permitted to take part in discussion. Haslam, 2008) The New York framework, which was actualized at Auburn, is like the Pennsylvania framework however especially contrasts in that detainees are permitted to shape bonds with different detainees. Detainees were managed the chance to cooperate with one another while working and they were likewise permitted to eat dinners together. Under this model, socialization and connecti ons were not seen as an adversary of discipline; rather, connections and socialization were viewed as that which was unavoidable. Under the New York framework, detainees were relegated separate cells where they dozed. By and large, this was the main type of disconnection permitted under the New York framework. In spite of the fact that there appeared to be less unbending nature than that of the Pennsylvania framework, rules were carefully upheld. (Haslam, 2008) During World War II, the United States made wartime captive camps in line with the British partners who couldn't house enormous number of hostages. During this period, various detainees of war who happened to be of German and Italian nationality were housed on American army installations and had to give jail work. The POWs were treated similarly as present day detainees are dealt with. The Prisoners were required to work while being hung on the army base and were relied upon to hold fast to all jail camp arrangements. Since World War II, the jail framework in the United States has developed massively. A to some degree predictable consequence of this development has been the advancement of jail work. Detainees all through the nation work in various assembling and administration businesses. The development of jail work in the United States has gone under assault by the two Americans and human rights advocates the world over. Numerous individuals contend that the United States is deceptive on the grounds that it upbraids China’s utilization of jail work while empowering the privatization of detainment facilities at home. (Hattery, 2007) Works Cited Haslam, J. (2008). Pits, Pendulums, and Penitentiaries: Reframing the Detained Subject. Texas Studies In Literature and Language, 268-284. Hattery, E. S. (2007). On the off chance that We Build it They Will Come: Human Rights Violations and the Prison Industrial Complex 1 . Social orders Without Borders 2, 273 â€288.

Essay Topics on Gun Control

Essay Topics on Gun ControlThe many issues that are debated in regards to gun ownership are the prime focus of essay topics on gun control. However, some do not realize that much of the political rhetoric that comes from the topic could be considered outright libel. Many have stated that even the most mild criticism is often misunderstood as an actual attack. Since so much time and effort is spent in an attempt to prove that guns must be limited or eliminated, this can be frustrating for those who are already caught up in the argument.There are still individuals who find such political commentaries so outrageous that they cannot think of a way to refute them. In their minds, they are unable to speak back without actually agreeing with the person who is accusing them. This is where essay topics on gun control can prove beneficial.One can easily link specific laws to gun control, using the right keywords in the same manner that one would link a topic regarding sex or drugs. For example , say that a politician wants to establish a ban on guns and ammunition. Then they may use the word 'gun control' in conjunction with a related word like 'armor-piercing'. If a professor asks their students to submit an essay topic on gun control, then those who are willing to defend their right to own guns can easily employ these tactics.In addition, essay topics on gun control can be used by those who hold the opposing viewpoint as well. It is possible to simply outline the benefits of firearms over other types of weapons. It is also possible to link statements that some may consider as personal attacks to the issue of guns. In the end, it is possible to state that certain types of weapons may in fact decrease the safety of the general public.These essays have proven to be an effective way of handling major political issues, especially in the current political climate. Students can use these topics to tackle a wide variety of topics in an organized and concise manner. Since so muc h emphasis is placed on restricting the rights of certain groups, such as the Second Amendment, using essay topics on gun control provides a legitimate point of view that can prove useful.With so much attention being placed on such topics, it should come as no surprise that there are a lot of people who are interested in this sort of thing. There are websites that cater to this cause. If you look online, you will find a myriad of them. Some of these sites specialize in offering simple but concise solutions to the issue of guns.If you are interested in taking on the topic of essay topics on gun control, then this is the ideal way to get started. You do not need to be a rocket scientist in order to get started. If you are a professor looking for topics to write about, then this could be the best place to start. You can even hire someone to do it for you.If you plan on providing essay topics on gun control, then you should make sure that the topic is not skewed in any way. It is a good idea to do your research on how to conduct research and how best to conduct the essay. In doing so, you will be able to save yourself plenty of time and trouble.

Veterans Burial Locations Available Online

More than three million records showing where veterans have been buried in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) national cemeteries are available online. The innovation will make it easy for anyone with Internet access to search for the gravesite locations of deceased family members and friends. Veterans Burial Locations The VAs  nationwide grave locator contains more than three million records of veterans and dependents buried in the VA’s 120 cemeteries since the Civil War. It also has records of some burials in state veterans cemeteries and burials in Arlington National Cemetery from 1999 to the present. Secretary of Veterans Affairs Anthony J. Principi stated in a VA press release: This advance in service culminates years of effort by VA’s national cemetery staffs to put old paper records into this database. Making burial locations more accessible may bring more visitors to the honored resting places that we consider national shrines and historical treasures. The records date to the establishment of the first national cemeteries during the Civil War. The Web site will be updated nightly with information on burials the previous day. The site displays the same information that visitors to national cemeteries find on kiosks or in written ledgers to locate gravesites: name, dates of birth and death, period of military service, branch of service and rank if known, the cemetery’s location and phone number, plus the grave’s precise location in the cemetery. The home page, Burial and Memorial Benefits, allows the reader to select the Nationwide Gravesite Locator to begin a search. State cemetery burial records are from those cemeteries that use VA’s database to order government headstones and markers for veterans’ graves. Since 1999, Arlington National Cemetery, operated by the Department of Army, has used that database. The information in the database comes from records of interment, which before 1994 were paper records, kept at each cemetery. VA’s interment records contain more information than what is shown on the Internet and cemetery kiosks. Some information, such as identification of the next of kin, will not be shown to the public for privacy reasons. Immediate family members with a government-issued identification card may request to see the full record of a burial when they visit a national cemetery.

Why Data Mining Is The Extraction Of Knowledge From The...

Data mining is the extraction of knowledge from the various databases that was previously unknown (Musan Hunyadi, 2010). Data mining consists of using software that conglomerates artificial intelligence, statistical analysis, and systems management in the act of extracting facts and understanding from data stored in data warehouses, data marts, and through metadata (Giudici, 2005). Through algorithms and learning capabilities data mining software can analyze large amounts of data and give the management team intellectual and effective information to help them form their decisions. The intention for data mining is to analyze prevailing data and form new truths and new associations that were unknown prior to the analysis (Musan Hunyadi,†¦show more content†¦These visualization tools that are made through the management team’s queries, are synthesized with the reports. Charts, tables, and graphs can help management teams make important decisions by allowing them to see data in a quantitative view. The management team can use this new perspective to understand all areas of their query and, in turn, they can make better and more informed decisions. How Business Intelligence Systems are used Business intelligence systems are the combination of operational data and analytical tools to aid managers to comprehend the â€Å"capabilities available in the firm, the industrial trends, future development in technologies and the market and even their competitor’s actions and the resulting implications† (Wang, 2014, p. 1083). There are many ways managers can use the information a business intelligence system gives them such as understand customer behavior, analyzing competition understanding investment options, and knowledge protection. Customer Behavior The market place, even at a local level, is more competitive then it has been at any other time in history. Companies must put a major emphasis on gaining customer loyalty and understanding customer behavior in order to compete in today’s market place. Tuta et al. (2014) offer that intelligent technologies provide new options for manages to understand the market place they partake in and the competition in that market place. Customer Relationship Management systems are a new way

Old But Must Not Be Neglected - 1101 Words

Old But Must Not Be Neglected The frail, tiny elder was discovered shivering and with sodden clothes in the impoverished Suizhong County, China. When the volunteers from the aid station found her, she hadn’t eaten for days, and lived in the corner of the street. She was ill, hungry and disheartened after her adult children refused to take care of her vulnerable mother. Mrs. Han lived her lives in blessed calmness with her family including her husband, two sons, three daughters and eight grandchildren before her spouse passed away three years ago. She assigned her possessions to both sons including two houses, but she left nothing to her three daughters because that’s what she had. Mrs. Han intended to alternate her living places between†¦show more content†¦It is a worldwide problem. Elder abuse is happening everywhere now, in your state, your city, even on your street. Population ageing is an inevitable phenomenon due to the rising life expectancy and declining birth rates in Canada. Unfortunately, the overall rate of police-reported violence against elderly had increased by twenty per cent from 1998 to 2005 according to Statistics Canada. In addition, adult children were the largest perpetrators of elder abuse including, Neglect and Physical, Emotional, Financial and Sexual Abuse. Although it is a serious uprising social problem in Canada, elder abuse is always concealed from the community and ignored by the societies. Until us as a society raises social awareness of elder abuse and work together to prevent this problem, elder abuse will continue unabated, with destructive and damaging consequences for seniors. Elder abuse tends to be committed privately in the seniors’ home, mainly by their family members but victims are often reluctant to inform their abuse because of the dread of losing their only financial or other supports and fear of being institutionalized. Mr. Chan, a social worker who had experience in assisting elder abuse victims to recover in Hong Kong, said â€Å"Money and avarice are the major reasons why the adult children

When You Change the Way You Look at Things free essay sample

It is actually very scientific thing and if you know a little bit about metaphysic you might know what I mean. I would like you to imagine the following scene: You are in your house. You got your car-keys in your hand. (hand gesture) The light goes out. Power failure. You can’t see a thing. You stumble around in the living-room, and you drop your keys. You look around for a moment and you realize: you will never going to find them. But you look outside and you notice that the street lights are on. And in your mind the light bulb (hand gesture points toward head) goes on . Hmmm, I am not going to look around for keys in the dark when there is a light outside. I am going out here, under the street light to look for my keys . Don’t laugh. It just makeS lots of sense. We will write a custom essay sample on When You Change the Way You Look at Things or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So you are looking for your keys and looking and looking (looking at the ground , hand gesture) And you neighbor comes along: What happened Natalia? I dropped my keys. I will help you look for them. So two of us NOW stare down here, looking for keys. Finally he askS: Natalia, where did you drop your keys? I dropped them in the house. He says: You mean to tell me: that you drop your keys in the house and you are looking for them out here, that does not make any sense. I say: Well, it does not make any sense to grope around in the dark, when there is a light out here. Now you laugh and how silly that is but IS IT not exactly what we do, when we have a problem, difficulty, a struggle that is located inside and we are looking for a solution outside. SOMEPLACE OUT OF OUR SELF. You are the one with the difficulty and expecting someone else to change, something outside of you to get better IN ORDER FOR YOU you to make your life work. IT IS IN ALL HERE – pointing to your heart. How would your life change if you were to recognize that all your worries, anxieties, and fears are ingrained habits of thoughts and behavior? We have a choice. WE HAVE A CHOICE to be fully alive. If you are anxious about the future or preoccupied with the past you HAVE A CHOICE. AND What more could we ask for than to have this choice. Of course, this does not mean you will win the next Powerball – sorry about that – or have all your problems solved. But if there is any joy, ANY appreciation to be found in life, there is no better place to locate it than right HERE AND NOW by bringing an open heart to all the uninvited visitors in your life – the good, the bad, the ugly, the boring , the unpleasant, the blissful. When you become skillful with your awareness in present time, you will find that it brings an amazingly powerful outcome for even un unwelcome life obstacle.

Arnt I a Woman by Deborah Gray White, and Plantation Mistresses by Catherine Clinton

Frederic Chopin

Frederic Chopin Frederic Chopin was born on February 22, 1810, in Zelazowa Wola, a village six miles from Warsaw, Poland. His father, Nicholas Chopin was born in Marianville, eastern France in 1771. He died in 1844. He was mainly a tutor in English, math; etc. the instrument he played was the flute and the violin. His mother Justyna was born in 1782 in Poland and died in 1861. She was a farming girl, well educated, and a homemaker during their marriage. She played the piano. His father and mother got married in June of 1806. Frederic had three sisters and no brothers. His sister's names were Louise, Isabella, and Emilia.Frederic was in love with music at a young age. He started getting piano lessons when he was six. His teacher was Czech and his name was Wojceich Zywny. He based his teaching on Bach, Mozart, and Beethoven. While he was six when he held his first public performance in 1817.Frà ©dà ©ric DABIBy age seven his first composition was written by his father: the Pollonaise in B Flat major. At age eight, he played at a public charity concert. At age fifteen his first work was published, it was a rondo. At seven-teen he graduated from Lyceum, after he was recognized as the leading pianist of Warsaw and a very talented composer. At nineteen, he held two very successful concerts in Vienna: the unquestionable center of music for that day. Frederic traveled to Austria, Poland, and Russia in the mist of the apparent begging of the war. Later he returned to Warsaw to get his final belongings to get ready for a more permanent move. While he was there gathering his things, his friends gave him a silver goblet filled with polish soil. He kept always as he never was able to return...

Aspects of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aspects of Psychology - Essay Example t on emotions. If the emotions were to be further classified as positive and negative emotions it may be said that my weekend was great. However I must recognise the role played by the people and situations in eliciting the emotions I expressed. For example, although my Friday began on a high note with a lot of expectation the misplacement of a bag threatened the day until friends stepped in supportively and with understanding were able to tolerate my negative emotions. I find the link in my emotional expressions to various theories explaining the origin and function of emotions in humans. For example James-Lange’s theory posits that physiological arousal in emotional expression is a result of stimulus from events around an individual and the expression is the conscious interpretation of the experience. This was expressed on Saturday when events seeme to work against my expected plan (Coon, 2009). Cannon-Bard in his theory on the other hand proposes that simulteneous emotional and physiological responses are caused by stimuli in the environment. I was surprised at the power of emotional support from people close to me because more than once in the three days it was able to restore me from negative emotions when things seemed not to favor me. The deloay of the bus elicited great anger that physiologically made me cry at the feeling of being let down and also letting down a friend. It may not be possible to explain with all theories but the theory by Schachter and Singer cannot be ignored because of its role in emotional classification. Although emotional and physiological responses are simultenous it may not be easy to manage them unless they are classified based on the arousal agent. This is best described in the diary from the notes indicated against each emotional response because I believe that the activities (stimuli) were responsible for the emotions. This is because of the subconscious and occasionally conscious cognitive appraisals I made from the events unfolding around me as put in the Lazarus theory. In overall assessment of aspects of my emotional expression in the three days can be best classified as cognitive, physiological and behavioral (Brannon, 1999). This classification may help shade more light on the exact meaning in the emotions, whether negative or positive. The table below summarizes a few of them: Emotion Cognitive Physiological Behavioral Joy When things were very pleasurable usually from positive surprises Shade tears I tended to talk a lot or simply whistle a tune or Anxiety Positively when I anticipated interesting experience Negatively when I anti

Business Strategies for Healthcare Institutions Essay - 191

Business Strategies for Healthcare Institutions - Essay Example The employed strategies should subsequently take into account key stakeholders in the institution, organizational efficiency, and financial sustainability in the healthcare environment (Ginter, Duncan, & Swayne, 2013). Aligning healthcare reform with organizational operations is a key strategy. In essence, the idea is to make sure that the resultant reforms promote the relevance of the hospital. To do this, the director and all other key parties could undertake care transitions, where hospital operations are redefined or redesigned to accommodate key benefits realized from healthcare reform. It is important for hospital management to create healthcare value through payor relationships and revenue models. In other words, hospitals could create value and promote patient welfare through bundled payments, offering low-cost incentives, and enhancing the quality of care (Pynes & Lombardi, 2011). While the objective is to improve the performance of finance, human resource, and patient care departments, it is critical to account for all stakeholders influential to the institution. On the same note, it is important to note that the priority focuses on patient care, over and above striving to improve the long-term welfare of the healthcare institution. Efficiency, sustainability, and strong relationships in the healthcare environment translate to affordable care, increased access to services, and community engagement in hospital operations (Olden, 2011). Both internal and external hospital environments play an influential role in healthcare matters. When the community becomes engaged, the hospital builds an environment of loyalty and trust. Subsequently, the community becomes an ambassador of the hospital in selling its operations and performance.

Computer - Aided Instruction Essay Example for Free

Computer Aided Instruction Essay A self-learning technique, usually offline/online, involving interaction of the student with programmed instructional materials. Computer-assisted instruction (CAI) is an interactive instructional technique whereby a computer is used to present the instructional material and monitor the learning that takes place. CAI uses a combination of text, graphics, sound and video in enhancing the learning process. The computer has many purposes in the classroom, and it can be utilized to help a student in all areas of the curriculum. CAI refers to the use of the computer as a tool to facilitate and improve instruction. CAI programs use tutorials, drill and practice, simulation, and problem solving approaches to present topics, and they test the students understanding. Typical CAI provides 1. text or multimedia content 2. multiple-choice questions 3. problems 4. immediate feedback 5. notes on incorrect responses 6. summarizes students performance 7. exercises for practice 8. Worksheets and tests. Types of Computer Assisted Instruction 1. Drill-and-practice Drill and practice provide opportunities or students to repeatedly practice the skills that have previously been presented and that further practice is necessary for mastery. 2. Tutorial Tutorial activity includes both the presentation of information and its extension into different forms of work, including drill and practice, games and simulation. 3. Games Game software often creates a contest to achieve the highest score and either beat others or beat the computer. 4. Simulation Simulation software can provide an approximation of reality that does not require the expense of real life or its risks. 5. Discovery Discovery approach provides a large database of information specific to a course or content area and challenges the learner to analyze, compare, infer and evaluate based on their explorations of the data. 6. Problem Solving This approach helps children develop specific problem solving skills and strategies. Advantages of CAI †¢ one-to-one interaction †¢ great motivator †¢ freedom to experiment with different options †¢ instantaneous response/immediate feedback to the answers elicited †¢ Self pacing allow students to proceed at their own pace †¢ Helps teacher can devote more time to individual students †¢ Privacy helps the shy and slow learner to learns †¢ Individual attention †¢ learn more and more rapidly †¢ multimedia helps to understand difficult concepts through multi sensory approach †¢ self directed learning – students can decide when, where, and what to learn

Darwin Vs. Pearson :: Natural Selection Essays

The writing of Charles Darwin focuses on the concept of natural selection and its implications on the human race. Darwin understands that allowing weaker people to pass on their genetic shortcomings will ultimately prove to be detrimental. People should have the same reproductive rights and opportunities as all other people. The writing of Karl Pearson also focuses on natural selection and its implications upon the human race. Pearson, however, believes that the weaker people of society should be forced to die off so as not to pass on their genetic malfeasance. Darwin and Pearson agree on the process of natural selection but disagree on how society should utilize the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection. Darwin & Pearson both believe that left unchecked the human race would evolve positively by not allowing unfit people to reproduce. Darwin says, â€Å"With savages, the weak in body or mind are soon eliminated; and those that survive commonly exhibit a vigorous state of health.† Darwin believes that people, without the constraints of society, would allow the weaker elements of their offspring to die off without reproducing. Since people operate in a civilized society, they must tolerate the people who are weaker than they are, even if it is a detriment to society at large, â€Å"We must therefore bear the undoubtedly bad effects of the weak surviving and propagating their kind.† Karl Pearson believes that the knowledge gained from understanding natural selection should be utilized to stop the human race from declining, â€Å"I want you to see selection as something which renders the inexorable law of heredity a source of progress, which produces the good through suffering, an infinitely greater good which far outbalances the very obvious pain and evil.† Pearson believes that even though it will be hard to do, society must stop allowing inferior people to reproduce.

How I met myself Essay

The English language is a thriving language. It is the window of various disciplines and knowledge. If you want to know more about the world, learn English†¦ English is a fun language, which inspire people from all walks of life. This language binds people from all over the world. So, don’t be afraid of this language. It is a language of love, peace and humility. Monday, November 25, 2013 Form 3 Novel- How I Met Myself It’s such an overdue post, PMR has just passed and here I am posting this long awaited entry on the Form 3 novel, How I Met Myself. This novel is all about finding your own ghost or doppelganger and answers the questions of â€Å"What If† and â€Å"If Only†. I found this novel as an interesting piece of literature as it questions the pasts and brings back the future, and it will definitely serves as a medium of intellectual discussions among students and teachers. By the time students reach the Third Form, I realize that students need to be stimulated and encouraged to participate well in group and class discussions as some students fail to give responses due to lack of stimulating readings and low self esteem. The idea now in Malaysia, is to let students take charge of the whole learning process, encourage them to think critically and creatively and teachers should take a back seat. Many times, teachers are deemed to be responsible on students’ learning p rocess but the reality is students should be held responsible for their own learning as well. In this entry, I’m sharing with you, some useful notes on this Form Three novel. Based on the novel â€Å" How I Met Myself† by David A. Hill, the theme that can be found is † Love †. This theme is significant in this novel as it revolves around John Taylor and his family. This can be seen from the way they take care of each other and stood by their spouses through difficult times in life. â€Å" Love† is definitely around John Taylor’s family as Andrea supports her husband through out the journey of their life. Never once in her life, that Andrea does not believe in John Taylor and his doppelganger. She is a symbol of a loyal and loving wife, who stands by her man, no matter what is happening to him. Finally, â€Å" love† is seen through  John Taylor. He is a responsible father and husband, even if he neglects his family for a while when he is carried away in finding his doppelganger. John Taylor is a character with full of love and care, he loves his wife unconditionally. In conclusion, â€Å" love† is widely seen in this novel through the characters of John Taylor and Andrea, his wife. They are the symbols of eternal love in these modern days, where love is not a language easily understood.

Character Analysis Of A P By John Updike - 1141 Words

The narrative â€Å"AP† by John Updike explicitly takes you into the world of the main character, Sammy. When you first meet Sammy, it seems as though he gives the reader a straightforward explanation as to why he quits his job at the grocery store. He even goes as far as to blame his actions on how Lengel, the manager, embarrassed the girls in the store. Upon Sammy defending the girls, he refers to himself as their â€Å"unsuspected hero†, however some may not see this as fit. Upon closer examination, it does not seem as though Sammy quit as a defense mechanism for the girls, but for his own selfish ambitions and possibly as an authoritative maneuver. The question being, is Sammy exemplifying the characteristics of selflessness or is he a selfish†¦show more content†¦He begins by informing them that the store is in fact not the beach. Lengel continues to chastise the girls to the point of which he embarrassed them enough that they proceed to walk out. At this point, Sammy has had enough. â€Å"The girls, and whod blame them, are in a hurry to get out, so I say I quit to Lengel† (Updike, pg. 35). Lengel questions Sammy and his reasoning behind his abrupt action. You didnt have to embarrass them (Updike pg. 36) he protests as he quits. â€Å"By quitting his job and telling off his boss, Lengel, for how rude he was to the girls, Sammy experiences a coming of age. Its his first real taste of the power of standing up for what he believes in† (Shmoop). Sammy’s selflessness prevails over the situation as he accentuates the fact that Lengel did not have to be so rash. Sammy did what his inner â€Å"unsuspected hero† would have done. In another aspect, Sammy’s abrupt action of quitting can be seen as a selfish act. â€Å"so I say ‘I quit’ to Lengel quick enough for them to hear, hoping theyll stop and watch me, their unsuspected hero† (Updike pg. 35). Sammy’s actions were all self-centered; â€Å"he announces, ‘I quit’ primarily because he wants the girls to overhear him, and the gesture loses resonance when he realizes they didn’t notice it. It seems less wise when he is left not with admiration but with a vague guilt and doubt about his rash action† (Sparknotes). He had a high hope that his rebellion towardShow MoreRelatedA P By John Updike Character Analysis818 Words   |  4 Pages This story could make one wonder, how far would you go to get the person of your dreams. In Updike’s story, three young ladies walk into the AP store wearing nothing but bathing suits. The girls catch the attention of Sammy who is the cashier. Sammy watches the girls walk around the store while making mental notes about each one of the girls. When Mr. Lengel the store manager sees the girls, he lets them know that the store policy is to have your shoulders covered and to dress appropriately whenRead MoreA P By John Updike1190 Words   |  5 PagesA P is a story of Sammy who is a 19 year old boy working as a clerk at a grocery store in a small town in New England. Published back in 1961 narrative defining A P is the popular mythology of 1960s basically where youthful rebellion powers took over the soulless system. (Sustana) Therefore Updike has written a story that includes key elements of myth along with the background of postwar prosperity and the attendant consumer cultu re. Where there is a strong hint of the Cold War as hero characterRead MoreAP and Cathedral Comparison Essay1617 Words   |  7 PagesMallory Russell 06/12/15 Comparison Essay ENG 102 Online â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver versus â€Å"A + P† by John Updike In the short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver and â€Å"A + P† by John Updike the protagonists experience an epiphany that change their restricted way of thinking. The main character, â€Å"Sammy† in John Updike’s, â€Å"A + P† is a teenage boy working in the town grocery store. Sammy experiences an epiphany when he decides to quit his job at the grocery store. He quit because he believedRead MoreThe Revolution of The Young People: John Updike Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesIn John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, the revolution of the young people of the current age against authority is explored and explained. â€Å"AP† reveals the shift from conservative and deferential to avant-garde and disrespectful. Through the observation of the behavior of the characters in the story, one can receive a clear picture of the evolution of the sexual revolution that has come in this age. Sammy is the first character that is introduced, he is the protagonist and narrator of the story. Stoksie and LengelRead MoreA P By John Updike1441 Words   |  6 PagesJohn Updike is considered one of the greatest writers in modern American history. He is known for the idea that seemingly ordinary aspects of American life are actually quite fascinating. He wanted readers to see the beauty and magic of life, so he tried to describe everyday things using the most clear but beautiful language possible. Many of Updike’s pieces are drawn from his own life such as his marriage and his boyhood, as shown in three of his short stories: â€Å"AP†, â€Å"Ace in the Hole†, and â€Å"PigeonRead More The Decline of Chivalry Explored in Araby and AP Essay1211 Words   |  5 Pagesdiminished. In James Joyce’s â€Å"Araby† and John Updike’s â€Å"AP†, this theory is explored, both telling the story of a boy whose efforts to impress the girl of their desires fail. As said by Well’s in his crit ical analysis of these stories, â€Å"Both the protagonists have come to realize that romantic gestures—in fact, that the whole chivalric view [sic] --- are, in modern times, counterproductive†. These stories, despite the differences between the two characters, clearly show that the character’s worldRead MoreRaymond Carver with Cathedral and John Updike with AP979 Words   |  4 PagesCarver with â€Å"Cathedral† and John Updike with â€Å"AP† â€Å"Cathedral† and AP both short stories written during the same century. But even though they both introduce stereotypical characters that somehow change their view of the world, they have many more different aspects. The stories differ in atmosphere and the quantity of people involve in each story. The story â€Å"Cathedral† only took place in a family house with only the husband, wife who can be qualified as a static character tried to kill herself inRead MoreComparing AP and An Ounce of Cure Essay601 Words   |  3 PagesComparing AP and An Ounce of Cure If a reader is given two short stories, two stories that are seemingly different on the surface, to read and compare and contrast, a surprising amount of similarities and differences can be found. Unless they deal with the same subject matter, most short stories arent really related, until some analysis is done. The stories AP, by John Updike, and An Ounce of Cure, by Alice Munro, are very similar but very different. One of the mot important similaritiesRead MoreAnne Lamott’S Great Wisdom On How To Write Shares Many1905 Words   |  8 Pagesa changing character/characters, there are countless of fiction stories that do not share these common steps introduced by Lamott. These fictions may include tight structures of one single step. Nevertheless, I agree with Anne Lamott’s thoughts that â€Å"a story’s climactic event should show a profound change in at least one of the characters.†In this essay, there will be comparisons and analysis between Anne Lamott’s wide descriptions about writings and two short stories by John Updike and Gail GodwinRead MoreCharacter Analysis Sammy1030 Words   |  5 PagesCharacter Analysis Sammy Text â€Å"AP† by John Updike In the story of â€Å"AP† by John Updike Sammy is the narrator. He is a nineteen year old young man who portrays a normal teenager by having a summer job like most teenagers do. He had a common summer job at a grocery store. He held the position as a cashier throughout the story until he ended up having a dynamic change. Throughout most of the story his actions would be considered assertive to most readers. He is very particular with every detail

The Ecstasy Of Influence A Plagiarism - 1917 Words

Intelligence: A Conversation Humans love to consider that they are the only intelligent beings on earth. They hold their accomplishments in engineering and art as evidence that each human is an intelligent, complex creature, somehow more advanced than any other species on earth, and yet, supposedly unintelligent organisms, like ants, can create very complex structures that would seem to require intelligence. This concept is explored in Steven Johnson’s essay â€Å"The Myth of the Ant Queen,† where he presents the idea that intelligence is not a property of the individual, but is instead a property of groups. There are also however many examples of individuals creating things that appear to require individual intelligence. In Thomas Lethem’s†¦show more content†¦Each individual reacts to an innumerable number of things daily in often hard to predict ways. This indicates that each human is intelligent and is capable of thinking through reactions to problems in front of them, often ev en doing so subconsciously while working on multiple problems at a time. Even difficult issues, such as social interaction, seem to prompt intelligent, complex reactions. The level of complexity involved in these reactions clearly necessitates intelligence. Humans also showcase intelligence in their ability to create. Since prehistoric times, humans have been creating things all the time. Each human is capable of producing never before seen art, tools, and technology. Even creations which seem to simply reuse, like collages, require creativity and intelligence. Lethem says of this reuse that â€Å"The demarcation between various possible uses is beautifully graded and hard to define, the more so as artifacts distill into and repercuss the realm of culture†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (219). Even reuse with slight modification or art heavily influenced by other art, each one of Lethem’s â€Å"possible uses†, requires complexity and creativity and therefore intelligence. Humans can al so assemble complex ideas from simple concepts, leading to innovation. In science and technology creators are constantly assembling many ideas in complex ways to create even more complex ideas. This understanding of and creation of complex ideas requiresShow MoreRelatedThe Ecstasy Of Influence : Plagiarism1589 Words   |  7 PagesPlagiarism has been seen as a harmful practice when it comes to the preservation of an artist’s originality. Jonathan Lethem demonstrates the commonality and convenience of plagiarism by composing his article â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism† of phrases and ideas of other writers; however, he also supports the claim that a person can rethink and reinterpret the understandings of other people and create an â€Å"original† idea based off of them. Is this what Lethem truly means when he says thatRead MoreThe Ecstasy Of Influence : A Plagiarism1820 Words   |  8 Pagesoppressor, and those beneath them, the oppressed. In â⠂¬Å"Project Classroom Makeover,† Cathy Davidson explores the struggle between the current state of the American education system and the necessity of an improved one. Correspondingly, in â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism,† Johnathan Lethem highlights the problems individuals encounter dealing with the premises of governmental limits on intellectual property. Comparably, in â€Å"Selections from Reading Lolita in Tehran,† Azar Nafisi examines the strife betweenRead MoreWhat Can We Call Our Own Except Energy, Strength And Will?775 Words   |  4 Pagesthoughts and ideas that spawn from the very environment we live in. Although some may argue that our society cannot remain cohesive without the idea of intellectual property, it should be acceptable to use others’ works without having to worry about plagiarism laws. This is because, in reality, there really is no such thing as â€Å"original† work, and there is an evident difference between r eplication and reproduction. The idea of â€Å"ownership† over something hinders others’ ability to make something new byRead More`` The Ecstasy Of Influence `` By Jonathan Allen Lethem996 Words   |  4 Pagesby those elements to create new art. Unlike Plato’s Ion, which states that God speaks through the artists, Lethem’s The Ecstasy of Influence: A plagiarism; projects that inspiration comes from the influence of our surroundings which is the key to creation. Jonathan Allen Lethem, a modern American essayists, writes the article in which he talks about how some artists see plagiarism as a wrong doing or stealing. Lethem disagrees with those artists’ point of view. He writes, â€Å"most artists are convertedRead MoreBenefits Of The Crowd-Sourced Approaching In The Art World.1316 Words   |  6 Pageslearning way. She claims that crowd-sourced education allows the students to have collective and creative thinking because this approaching is based on communicate with others. Jonathan Lethem, the author of â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism†, demonstrates the opinion about the plagiarism, especially in the art world. He claims that the borrowing materials from others is very ordinary phenomena in the art world and there are actual benefits from this collective working progress which can supportedRead More The Purpose of Copyright Essay1423 Words   |  6 PagesHarperCollins Publishers. Litman, Jessica â€Å"Creative Reading.† Khan, B. Zorina. â€Å"The Democratization of Invention: Patents and Copyrights in American Economic Development, 1790-1920.† Nber: Cambridge University Press. Lethem, Jonathan. â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A plagiarism.† Harper’s Magazine. The Founders Constitution, Volume 3, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 8, Document 12 http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/a1_8_8s12.html The University of Chicago PressThe Writings of Thomas JeffersonRead MoreThe Ecstasy Of Influence By Sherry Turrkle Summary1763 Words   |  8 Pagescharacteristics such as Tamagotchis and Furbies. One of the specific psychological processes Turkle describes involves a shift between â€Å"a psychology of projection to a new psychology of engagement† with these machines (Turkle, 470). In â€Å"The Ecstasy of Influence: A Plagiarism,† Jonathan Lethem talks about the differences between the gift and market economies. Turkle’s psychologies of projection and engagement significantly impact Lethem’s gift and market economies. Turkle is a social psychologist and a professorRead MoreBob Dylan and Intertextuality2482 Words   |  10 Pagesthe norm in music, literature and other media. The challenge for all creative works in this era has become more of an exercise in borrowing from ones influences rather than drawing from ones invention or original thought. And you know what? Its okay. We cannot help but be influenced by what we see; thats just being human. Tracing influence is a very hard task, one that can never be complete because of the countless stimuli encountered every time anyone opens his or her eyes and ears, somethingRead MoreErving Goffman Stigma6568 Words   |  27 Pagesespecially tolerated when the activities at stake are non-zero-sum and when the importance of process is outweighed by the importance of outcome. The use of cognition-enhancing drugs does not unnaturally cheapen accomplishments achieved under their influence; instead, cognitive enhancement is in line with well-established conceptions of collaborative authorship, which shift the locus of praise and blame from individual creators to the ultimate products of their efforts. n an essay on performance-enhancingRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages30 Why Is HRM Important to an Organization? 30 DID YOU KNOW?: A Management Recap 31 The Strategic Nature 32 The HRM Functions 33 Staffing Function 34 Training and Development Function 35 Motivation Function 36 Maintenance Function 37 How External Influences Affect HRM 38 The Dynamic Environment of HRM 38 Laws and Regulation 38 Labor Unions 38 Management Thought 39 Structure of the HRM Department 40 Employment 40 Training and Development 41 Compensation and Benefits 42 Employee Relations 42 vi

Essay about Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor,...

The report of Robert Reich: â€Å"Why the Rich are getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer,† is an eye opener and a warning for society regarding unemployment that it will be facing and is currently facing due to a lack of technology and education. It clearly articulates that the jobs of routine producers and in-person servers have vanished totally as modern techniques have replaced them. The author has stated that the only people whose jobs are on the rise are symbol analysts. As stated in the report, symbol analysts are the real problem solvers. Their skills are highly in demand worldwide because they are the ones who first analyze the problem and then solve it. The Hart Report, on the other hand, also states the same problem of unemployment†¦show more content†¦The impact of technological advancement and the whole world â€Å"going global† is immense. ATT stopped hiring workers in Shreveport and switched to Singapore and later from Singapore to Thailand because of the cheap routine producers available there as compared to the ones in previous locations. Moreover, an important reason for the decline of routine producers is the rise in the number of Keypunch operators all over the world and their willingness to work at much lower wage rates than the ones prevailing in the U.S.A. Texas Instruments started hiring routine programming technicians in India and linked them to its Dallas headquarters via satellite as India has a large English-speaking population of technicians who are willing to work at a lower wage rate. The reason behind this shift of jobs from advanced to developing nations, which created a great recession in the advanced economies, was the globalization and advancement of technology. This advancement made the employers remain in contact with the whole world with the help of some optical wires and satellites and they started hiring workers who were ready to work for a lower wage. A similar drastic change came about in the employ ment sector of the in–person servers as well. Introduction of new labor-saving machinery such as automated tellers, robotized vendingShow MoreRelatedWhy The Rich Are Getting Richer And The Poor, Poorer924 Words   |  4 PagesAs a Symbolic Analyst In the book by Jacobus, A World of Ideas, Robert Reich writes the article, â€Å"Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer†, and he uses a metaphor to describe the three economic groups that are now in different boats. He compares how the routine producers’ boats and the in-person servers boats are sinking while the symbolic analyst is rising. He also discusses how immigration, and technology competes for the job of routine producers and in-person servers whileRead MoreWhy The Rich Are Getting Richer And The Poor, Poorer925 Words   |  4 PagesAs a Symbolic Analyst In the book by Jacobus, A World of Ideas, Robert Reich writes the article, â€Å"Why the Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer†, and he uses a metaphor to describe the three economic groups that are now in different boats. He compares how the routine producers’ boats and the in-person servers boats are sinking while the symbolic analyst is rising. He also discusses how immigration, and technology competes for the job of routine producers and in-person servers whileRead MoreWhy the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer842 Words   |  3 Pagesï » ¿Robert B. Reich, Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer Reich starts his exordium with a distribution of where American workers found themselves in the early 1990’s in reference to where almost all American workers were just 20 years before. Reich placed most of the workers that contributed to the economy during the Nixon administration as being in one boat, analogous to the famous quote by G.K. Chesterton, â€Å"We are all in the same boat, in a stormy sea, and we owe each other a terribleRead MoreWhy The Rich Are Getting Richer And The Poor, Poorer927 Words   |  4 Pageshave to establish new tactics and enhance their emphasis on customer service in order to entice enough customers to purchase from their stores. Thus decreasing the need for retail sales positions. Robert Reich, in his article â€Å"Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer†, also felt this was the case when describing the sinking of his figurative second boat carrying in-person servers. Reich speaks directly about the changes machinery would have on this particular field of work in his article:Read MorePoor Getting Richer Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesAre The Rich Getting Richer and The Poor Getting Poorer? In this world, who are born rich or who are born poor? Nobody. Once, Bill Gates said that if you born poor, it is not your mistake, but if you die poor, it is your mistake. Rich is a state of abundant possession most especially material wealth, while poor is a state of lack of material possession. In the Wall Street Journal , Josh Zumbrun states that there is no standard definition of the upper middle class, which means there is no particularRead MoreEssay on Why the Rich Get Richer, While the Poor Get Poorer1572 Words   |  7 Pageseconomic times, it is clear to see that the rift between the extremely rich and the extremely poor is expanding, with those in the middle being stretched to one extreme or the other. There seems to be no reconciliations for this ever-growing disparity, as the corporations that used to comprise solely our economy lose national borders. Robert B. Reich discussed this issue in his work, Why the Rich Are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer. There are many reasons that go into play and many factors that swayRead MoreThe Poor Are Getting Poorer1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Poor Are Getting Poorer (In Analysts: Why the Poor Are Poorer) â€Å"Thus have the inhibitions been removed. The salaries and benefits of America’s top executives, and many of their advisers and consultants, have soared to what years before would have been unimaginable heights, even as those of other Americans have declined.† (Page 267). America is increasing in certain things, but decreasing in other things. Citizens are able to achieve more and more as technology increases and people strive forRead MoreEffects of Outsourcing Jobs to Overseas641 Words   |  3 Pagessurvive this dreadful and unpleasant situation. More importantly, the reduction in spending money and the deterioration of consumer confidence can hurt the economy severely and exacerbate the situation. Reich in his article â€Å"Why Rich are Getting Richer and the Poor, Poorer† divides the U.S. professions into three major categories: routine producers, in-person servers and symbolic analysts and described the process and likelihood of outsourcing these professions. Routine producers such as manufacturersRead MoreGlobalization758 Words   |  4 PagesWhy richer are getting richer and poorer are getting poorer? Globalization is taken as facilitator of international trade and economic growth. There might be various parameters for the measurement of the connection between globalization, international trade and economic growth that is derived from the mobility of investment, human capital to communication and transportation that fosters interdependency and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economyRead MoreGlobalization743 Words   |  3 PagesWhy richer are getting richer and poorer are getting poorer? Globalization is taken as facilitator of international trade and economic growth. There might be various parameters for the measurement of the connection between globalization, international trade and economic growth that is derived from the mobility of investment, human capital to communication and transportation that fosters interdependency and other forms of economically beneficial and social relationship between countries. In economy

History of the company Amazon.com free essay sample

AmazonKindle, Amazon.com, Businessmodel, Customerservice, Electroniccommerce, JeffBezos, StrategicmanagementHistory of the company Amazon. com is an American multinational electronic commerce company with headquarters in Seattle, Washington, United States. It is the worlds largest online retailer. Amazon. com started as an online bookstore, but soon diversified, selling DVDs, CDs, MP3 downloads, software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food, toys, and jewelry. The company also produces consumer electronics—notably the Amazon Kindle-book reader and the Kindle Fire tablet computer—and is a major provider of cloud computing services. Jeff Bezos started the company in his garage. He started out by selling just books, but now they sell just about anything. The Mission and Vision Statement of Amazon. com: Amazon. com has had a clear focus and a solitary mission since it began. Founder Jeff Bezos has publicly referred to the Amazon. com mission statement as the guiding force behind his leadership decisions many times in the companys 18-year history. We will write a custom essay sample on History of the company Amazon.com or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It can be concluded that the success of Amazon. com as the top Internet retailing company in the world is due at least in part to their unwavering commitment to this mission and the daily execution of it. Our vision is to be earths most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online. † Says the founder of Amazon. com . The companies six core values are: customer obsession, ownership, bias for action, frugality, high hiring bar, and innovation. They seek to be Earth’s most customer-centric company for four primary customer sets: consumers, sellers, enterprises, and content creators. Amazon. om has 3 customer service call centers in the United States and several others in several different countries to make sure they have phone support in all hours of the day and night. To reduce costs, they have what are called door desks. They are called that because that is what they are. Desks made out of do ors. The mission of Amazon. com is to secure the growth of the business in a sustainable manner, while at the same time constantly improving the company’s profitability. Amazon is always looking for simple solutions in order to provide lower prices to its customers. Amazon is always innovating to improve its users experience and make them feel at home. Let’s have a look on Amazon’s customer-centric innovations. Amazons Innovation Strategy Amazon was not the first online bookstore. But they were both the first to do a good job at selling their good services for a good profit. In retrospect, their successes seem amazing, but at the time, the goals were simple and the objective humble and clear: Be good, or at least better than the other guys. For they knew that alone was hard enough. One of the most unexamine facets of Amazons high-profile success is its unabashed embrace of transformational growth in its white space. Amazon survived the dot-com bust because it had a viable and innovative business model built around a market-changing customer value proposition and a radical profit formula, which upended the staid book industry. Then it quickly expanded beyond books to include all sorts of easily shippable consumer goods, growing from its core into near adjacencies. But Amazon didnt stop there. A few years later, the company seized its white space when it devised a new value proposition, offering a commission-based brokerage service to buyers and sellers of used books. Then it moved into its white space again by developing a model to serve an entirely different customer: third-party sellers. By opening up its storefront to other retailers that were essentially competitors, Amazon transformed its business from direct sales to a sales-and-service model, aggregating many sellers under one virtual roof and receiving commissions from the other companies sales. Then Amazon did it yet again, identifying a new area of potential growth by finding another new customer—the IT community. Serving this new customers needs required different processes, different resources, and a different profit formula—in short, another new business model. In 2002 Amazon launched a web services platform. Perhaps it was risky for a young company that had only reached profitability in that same year to invest its innovation resources in new business models rather than stick to its core, but within five years the site used by Amazons web-services platform had grown into the seventh-largest in the world. And Amazon kept going. In late 2007, it set up Lab126, whose first product, the Kindle e-book reader, came to market wrapped in a business model not only foreign to Amazons DNA but also potentially disruptive to the entire publishing industry. To launch this high-margin, product-based offering, Amazon had to become an original equipment manufacturer (OEM). It wrapped this technology in a seamlessly integrated iTunes-type digital media platform that combined both transaction- and subscription-based content delivery. It partnered with content producers in innovative ways and created an open back-end that allowed independent publishers to generate new content for the Kindle. In its first year, Amazon sold an estimated 500,000 Kindle. Amazon has greatly expanded the market for e-books and positioned itself for success not only in this market but in newspaper and periodical distribution as well. Amazon at its roots is built to transform. When it finds opportunities to serve new customers, or existing customers in new ways, it conceives and builds new business models to exploit them. Amazon has the unique ability to launch and run entirely new types of businesses while simultaneously extracting value from existing businesses. Amazons journey forward will likely be marked by a series of transformations, as it continues to pursue its vision unafraid of white space, business model innovation, or renewal. To be built to transform requires the courage to focus on delivering value for the customer first. Identifying value begins by thinking of an important un-served or underserved job that customers want done and then coming up with a well-defined value proposition to address that job, however foreign to your current offerings that may be. If you want to continuously revitalize the service that you offer to your customers, you cannot stop at what you are good at, says CEO Jeff Bezos. You have to ask what your customers need and want, and then, no matter how hard it is, you better get good at those things. With a well-defined customer value proposition serving a focused, well-articulated job, business leaders and project teams can work together to design the appropriate profit formulas, key resources, and key processes the company needs to thrive. Business Strategy of Amazon. com The strategic intent of Amazon is to become the number one choice of the online shopping for their shopping needs. Their website has been made to provide more convenience for customers who wish to buy certain items right away rather than wait for the delivery. Amazon can now direct their customers to local stores that presently have the product in inventory. Consumers need not call all the local stores and tolerate taped messages and long waits to find a product. Even such Internet pure-play firm as Amazon, through its partnership with Borders, for which it provides website operations, can direct customers to the nearest Borders store offering the desired product. Customers need only provide a zip code. Integration of physical stores and online operations can also lead to greater efficiencies. The strategy of the company uses the Internet and took advantage of its capability to reach more clients. Furthermore, Amazon strategic intent is to provide more options for their clients by partnering with other international and local suppliers. The company also diversified their offerings to different products, services, categories and other physical assets. The company’s strategic intent is to sustain their competitive advantage by compelling what the needs and demands of their target market and expanding their business portfolio in the global market. The company’s strategic intent is to do their business in a slow but sure manner by becoming innovative in what they are offering for the customers. Another strategic intent of Amazon is its goal to be recognised and respected as a global bookstore and online shopping brand and to dominate the global market through their high quality product and service offerings. The advertising and marketing strategy of Amazon have been focusing on how the products would gain interest from their target market and how they can be able to generate sales with their products. This is Amazon’s stronghold where it continues to yield strong sales revenue by leveraging off its excellent online shop in different locations, such as in UK and other country, strong brand name and excellent reputation among customers. Amazon has also been continuing to create affiliate websites to expand their business market among various consumers. About the business approach and strategies of Amazon it can be said that the company has been able to continue to grow and expand their business in the online market. Amazon has been able to use various strategies which enable them to sustain their competitive position in the global market. Amazon strategy includes differentiation approach and innovative approach. In doing so, the company has been able to have a sustainable focus on their core business values ensuring that their goals, objectives and mission are achieved. In addition, the company has been able to sustain good relationship with its target market and all other stakeholders and the company -focus itself on atisfying the costumers by providing them quality products and services in the online. The ability of the management to manage their financial resources and limit their expenses to sustain their needs for expansion has also been considered as one of the capabilities that sustain their competitive advantage. The strategies used by the Amazon include Intensive strategy, which aims to competently position and promote their products and services in the online market. The industry has also utilized the Integration strategy and forward integration in order to promote and closely manipulate where all the Amazon products and services are being sold. To improve financial performance, the company sees to it that they utilize all their resources in a manner that will be beneficial to enhance the performance of the company. The ability of the company to expand their business is through their flexibility and innovation which enable Amazon to counter the risks of erosion and losing of their competitive advantage. In order to cope with the various influences and effects of market environment changes, and to sustain their competitive advantage, the management of Amazon has been able to improve and expand its organization so as to conduct business operations and activities on a global scale which include the expansion of Amazon through the online presence of the brand in different parts of the world and by making specific websites as well as considering merging and acquisitions. The e-commerce business model has been widely used by Amazon. om since the year 2001, but the application of this model has started to spread up to this time. Instead of selling the products directly, Amazon. com nowadays is doing the process of selling their monthly or yearly access to products and services. As a result, the company is able to convert a one-time sale of a product into a recurring sale of a service. Amazon. com benefits from this strategy because of the fact that they are guaranteed of a constant revenue stream. The Company regards its patents, copyrights, service marks, trademarks, trade dress, trade secrets, proprietary technology and similar intellectual property as critical to its success, and relies on trademark, copyright and patent law, trade secret protection and confidentiality and/or license agreements with its employees, customers, partners and others to protect its proprietary rights. For the most part, Amazon has earned a reputation for strong service by letting customers get what they want without ever talking to an employee. Sales clerks are nonexistent. Orders ship with a few mouse clicks. Packages arrive on doorsteps quickly. It all happens with monotonous regularity even as the number of customers has doubled in the past five years to 88 million. Outsourcing StrategyAmazon. com has purchased majority of its products from two major wholesalers, Ingram Inc. , and BT, which enabled Amazon. com to have less, inventories and reduce internal overhead such as operating expenses. Strategic PartnershipAmazon. com has established long-term relationships with Internet companies to become a premier merchant on the Internet: America Online, Yahoo! Excite, Netscape, Geo Cities, AltaVista, @Home, and Prodigy. Compelling ValueThrough the innovative use of Internet technology, Amazon. com was dramatically able to lower the price and provide enhanced selection, high-quality content, a high level of Consumer service, and personalized service. Active AdvertisingAmazon. com has spent a large portion of its expenses to strengthen the brand name. For th e years ended 1995, 1996, 1997, the company incurred advertising expense of $30,000, $3. 4 million, $21. 1 million, respectively. Porters Five Forces Threat of new entrant: Low However, threat of new entrant remained low in areas where it is very costly to set up similar information system because of the underline technology that is fortified by innovation making it rather unique. This is particularly true by looking at Amazon. coms One-click shopping technology where Amazon. com has patented it to deter their competitors from copying the technology. Amazon. com has also brand recognition in selling books online thus this would make it rather difficult for other competitors, namely Barnes and Noble, to enter to the online business. This is true because Amazon. om has successfully create an awareness among the public where buying books online would be linked to Amazon. com. Bargaining power of buyer: High Bargaining power of buyer remained high because there are a wide variety of choices to purchase any given books from various sources. Intense competition from various sections of Amazon. coms business has prompted them to price their product competitively. These products encompass books, music, electronics and much more. Bargaining power of supplier: Low However, bargaining power of supplier in Amazon. coms online book sector is relatively low. Their power is low because Amazon. om has opened five new automated distribution centers in the US to lessen dependence on their main distributor. In this case, Amazon. com has become lesser dependence from Ingram that is their main distributor in the US. Threat of product substitute: High Threat of product substitute is very high in Amazon. com online business. Physical bookstores have an established brand name in their brick-and-mortar business and customers might not be comfortable buying books online. A more competitive competitor that might be able to offer better services and prices that would be able to substitute Amazon. coms products. However in this case, Amazon. oms One-click shopping might provide some form of switching cost to the customer. Industry rivalry: High As the result of h uge and wide presence of competitors, namely physical bookstores and other online bookstores, Amazon. com faces high industry rivalry in their online book business. Established bookstore have cause intense rivalry in this industry because they have the advantage of a larger and well established customer base, greater brand recognition and brand awareness and wider selection of books. The entry of established bookstore into the online arena has further increase industry rivalry in this sector. Amazon. com also faces intense rivalry from their online music sector. RD and Technology in Amazon Amazon. com’s commitment to research development activities has always been one of its top strategies to remain competitive in the market. The Companys objective is to become the best place to buy, find and discover any product or service available online. Amazon. com will continue to enhance and broaden its brand, customer base and electronic commerce expertise with the goal of creating customers preferred online shopping destination, in the United States and around the world. It can be said that Amazon’s resources and capabilities can be divided in the management of the company specifically their leader which is Bezos, the ability of the management to effectively use strategic supply chain management and aligning it with their business process and information technology, their competitive advantage in the online market, and the financial resources that it gains through its successful approaches. The management of Amazon has also been able to focus on their research and development department and to initiate innovative strategies designed to provide a competitive advantage and edge in the marketplace. As business gravitates towards a global scale, entrepreneurs find themselves faced with the challenge of producing new and better products at reduced cost and market price. Daft (2003) pointed out that in managing a global environment, managers of Amazon must be characterised by the ability to bring about change through innovation and creativity. Further according to Daft, a revolutionised manager sees change, rather than stability, as the nature of things (2003). Innovation as a ground for doing business in the 21st century will be the consistent tugging force that the organisation must either strive to adopt or suffer the consequences of being left behind by competitors. Through the marketing of differentiated products originating from their research and development activities, Amazon. com is able to create its own firm-specific advantages. The continuous pursuit of research and development processes enables the company to sell a steady stream of originally differentiated products which makes it difficult for competitors to find substitutes. Because of this differentiated approach, Amazon. com is able to market their products worldwide, which enables them in turn to maximize the returns on research and development expenditures. The Company has implemented numerous site management, search, customer interaction, recommendation, transaction-processing and fulfillment services and systems using a combination of its own proprietary technologies and commercially available, licensed technologies. The Companys current strategy is to focus its development efforts on creating and enhancing the specialized, proprietary software that is unique to its business and to license or acquire commercially developed technology for other applications where available and appropriate. The Company uses a set of applications for accepting and validating customer orders, placing and tracking orders with suppliers, managing and assigning inventory to customer orders and ensuring proper shipment of products to customers based on various ordering criteria. The Companys transaction- processing systems handle millions of items, a number of different availability statuses, gift-wrapping requests and multiple shipment methods and allow the customer to choose whether to receive single or several shipments based on availability. These applications also manage the process of accepting, authorizing and charging customer credit cards. Amazon. com Web sites also incorporate a variety of search and database tools. Systems administrators and network managers monitor and operate the Companys Web sites, network operations and transaction processing systems. The continued uninterrupted operation of the Companys Web sites and transaction-processing systems is essential to its business and it is the job of the site operations staff to ensure their reliability. The Company uses the services of five Internet service providers to obtain connectivity to the Internet, both domestically and internationally, over multiple dedicated lines. Click Technology. Amazon. com provides customers with a streamlined ordering process using 1-Click technology. If a customer has previously activated 1-Click functionality, a customer can place an order by clicking one button without having to fill out an order form. The customers shipping and billing information is automatically referenced on the Companys secure server. Secure Credit Card Payment. Amazon. com utilizes secure server software for secure commerce transactions. It encrypts all of the customers personal information, including credit card number, name and address, so that it cannot be read as the information travels over the Internet. Customers can select from a variety of delivery options, including overnight and various international shipping options, as well as giftwrapping services. The Company uses e-mail to notify customers of order status under various conditions and provides links to shipping carriers so that the customers can track their shipments. The Company seeks to provide rapid and reliable fulfillment of customer orders and to continue to improve its speed of availability and fulfillment. Return Policy. Within 30 days following the customers receipt of their order, Amazon. com will provide a full refund for any book in its original condition, any Amazon. om recommended book in any condition, any unopened music CD, DVD, VHS tape or software, and any other merchandise item in new condition, with its original packaging and accessories. Web site responsiveness, functionality and features, acquire and license leading technologies, enhance Amazon’s existing services, develop new services and technology and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis. Due to the fact that technol ogy remained one of the core aspects in Amazon. coms business, Amazon. com should keep track of the fast changing technological environment. Example, advancement in any areas of IT systems should be adopted, if appropriate, and in turn guarantee timely response and quality of service to the customer that ensure total customer satisfaction in return. It would be preferable to stay ahead of competitors by embracing new technology to gain competitive advantage. Example of some of the technology that is unique in Amazon. com is their One-click shopping, email alerts, and much more. Amazon. com has also taken to the extent of patent their One-click shopping so that their competitors would be unable to copy this technology. Core Distinctive Competencies Unique to Amazon is its patent-protected software technology. This resource would surpass industry standards with benefit of securing the right to exclusively use and sell the developed innovation. Other close-rival firms may have strategic and innovative-like leaders with experience and knowledge of the industry but the value-adding capability that it can offer to customers would be amputated, if not, eradicated for use due to legal constraints. In a similar manner, large firms wanting to enter the industry would have large capital base and shareholder or public financing capable of pirating Amazon key employees or buying close competitors. However, without buying the whole company such seemingly unethical would not injure the competitive advantage of Amazon much because patents do not accrue to individual employees rather the company. As a result, stagnation or over-complexity of technology would be the long-term position of imitating rivals. The most prominent core competency of the firm would be its strategic plot of expansion though customer innovation. It has the costly-to-imitate financial and technological resource, valuable firm infrastructure, rare strategic leader and top management composition and non-substitutable software technology. These resource and capability combinations that possess the four criteria suggest that sustained competitive advantage is present to the firm’s patented innovation. Amazon. com has several core values which play a crucial part in the success of the company. One of them is excellent customer service based on extraordinary technology. The company provides various services such as book reviews from other customers and from staff. In addition, many featured books contained descriptions, snippets of reviews and interview posted by authors. Convenience and price is the second core value of the company. It sells books through Internet and has its own distribution system. Similarly, Amazon does not have to spend too much money on real state and other operation because it is pursuing Internet-based business. Thus, it can reduce its inventory expenses. On one hand, the company has several key resources and capabilities to meet the challenges presented by opportunities and threats. These resources and capabilities have thus far allowed the company to be the world leader in the special retail industry. Jeffrey P. Bezos, founder and chairman of Amazon since 1994, is the driving force behind the company. He is a valuable resource that gives the company the competitive advantage with above-average return. Amazon. com has also a very strong brand name presence in the online-retail market, which is primarily due to their successful exploitation of their ‘first-mover’ advantage. It would be able to leverage this brand name as it realizes its plans for expansion in the future. In addition, the technological infrastructure of the company also gives its competitive advantage against the other rivals. It can pen a new store which has different products very easily because its core shopping technologies are easily re-usable. On one hand, its website is elegantly designed, easy to navigate and quick to load. It also has numerous proprietary inventions like the click shopping, personalized recommendations and user rating which make shopping more pleasurable. The four strategies such as outsourcing strategies, strategic partnership, compelling value, and active advertising implemented by the company have contributed to its success in sales growth and cost efficiency. Information technology enables forms to pay more attention to what makes consumers different from one another. Focusing on such variation serves as the basis for positioning a brand as being highly intimate with consumers. Amazon uses customers’ purchase histories to make suggestions about additional books that they might enjoy. The system is based on detecting patterns in the purchase histories of other customers who have bought some of the same books as the target customer. Such automatic response systems are simply usage-based segmentation systems that capitalize on the firm’s database to create more customized communications than traditional mass media. Even though one can search online and find the identical book at a lower price than at Amazon. com, Amazon is the clear leader in selling books online. This is a combination of greater awareness of Amazon and unique value. Amazon built a customer-focused principle. It targets customers on a one-to-one basis through Internet-based services.

Is Morality Dependent on Religion free essay sample

Morality is often referred to religion, as a lot of our laws come from religion; however that doesn’t mean morals are always dependent on religion; as some people believe in autonomy where they believe the principles of morality are based on reason and experience (the morals from society) and not necessarily on religious concepts. Whereas people that believe in heteronomy believe that morality comes directly from god, so there for is dependent on it.However some people believe points from both sides so think that morality doesn’t have to be completely dependent on religion but does sometimes need it. But if morality was based on religion we would all have the same rules and religion as all religions are different and if this was true then their shouldn’t be any conflict. In the view of heteronomy, they would say that religion and morality are linked it is even linked our rules with such things as the Ten Commandments. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Morality Dependent on Religion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even though some people may argue and say it is just known and is common sense for us to know not to kill, they would say without religions we would not know this, they would go on about how religion makes our society moral as without it, it would be based completely on autonomy, which they believe indicates that people would be able to do what they liked without having to be concerned with the consciences and become deontological.Overall heteronomy suggests that morality is dependent on religion as a guide for us to use to do right rather than everything being permissible. Corresponding to this autonomy and some Theonomy believers would argue that there are negative sides and opinions to morality and its suggested dependency on religion. For example a humanist would say â€Å"don’t believe in god, have a strong code of ethics, but believe that religion does more harm than good. † And even Lucretius C. 60 BCE believed that â€Å"such evil deeds could religion provoke. This all suggest that even before the Common Era religion brought negativity into society and created conflict so how can such an evil this decide and influence what is right and wrong let alone morality actually being dependent of it. A lot of people believe that if religion wasn’t hear our world would have developed more and be far more peaceful as there have been a lot of holy wars. A lot of religions discriminate against people they don’t agree with, but surely harming and disrespecting others is morally wrong and god wouldn’t tolerate it if he really was omnibenevolence then why would he allow and influence such things.

Grammar Translation Method free essay sample

It was also hoped that, through the study of the grammar of the target language, students would become more familiar with the grammar of their native language and that this familiarity would help them speak and write their native language better. Finally, it was thought that foreign language learning would help students grow intellectually; it was recognized that students would probably never use the target language, but the mental exercise of learning it would be beneficial anyway. Grammar Translation dominated European and foreign language teaching from the 1840s to the 1940s, and in modified form it continues to be widely used in some parts of the world today. At its best, as Howatt (1984) points out, it was not necessarily the horror that its critics depicted it as. Its worst excesses were introduced by those who wanted to demonstrate that the study of French or German was no less rigorous than the study of classical languages. We will write a custom essay sample on Grammar Translation Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This resulted in the type of Grammar-Translation courses remembered with distaste by thousands of school learners, for whom foreign language learning meant a tedious experience of memorizing endless lists of unusable grammar rules and vocabulary and attempting to produce perfect translations of stilted or literary prose. Although the Grammar-Translation Method often creates frustration for students, it makes few demands on teachers. It is still used in situations where understanding literary texts is the primary focus of foreign language study and there is little need for a speaking knowledge of the language. Contemporary texts for the teaching of foreign languages at college level often reflect Grammar-Translation principles. These texts are frequently the products of people trained in literature rather than in language teaching or applied linguistics. Consequently, though it may be true to say that the Grammar-Translation Method is still widely practiced, it has no advocates. It is a method for which there is no theory. There is no literature that offers a rationale or justification for it or that attempts to relate it to issues in linguistics, psychology, or educational theory [2, p. ]. In the mid and late of 19th century opposition to the Grammar-Translation Method gradually developed in several European countries. This reform movement laid the foundations for the development of new ways of teaching languages and raised controversies that have continued to the present day. Initial Principles of Grammar-Translation Method This has been just a brief introduction to the Grammar-Translati on Method, but it is probably true that this method is not new to many of you. You may have studied a language in this way, or you may be teaching with this method right now. Whether this is true or not, lets have some observations about the Grammar-Translation Method, identifying principle characteristics of that method. ? A fundamental purpose of learning a foreign language is to be able to read its literature. Literary language is superior to spoken language. Students study of the foreign culture is limited to its literature and fine arts. ? An important goal is for students to be able to translate each language into the other. If students can translate from one language into another, they are considered successful language learners. ? The ability to communicate in the target language is not a goal of oreign language instruction. ? The primary skills to be developed are reading and writing. Little attention is given to speaking and listening, and almost none to pronunciation. ? The teacher is the authority in the classroom. It is very important that students get the correct answer. ? It is possible to find native language equivalents for all target lan guage words. ? Learning is facilitated through attention to similarities between the target language and the native language. ? It is important for students to learn about the form of the target language. ? Deductive application of an explicit grammar rule is a useful pedagogical technique. Language learning provides good mental exercise. ? Students should be conscious of the grammatical rules of the target language. ? Wherever possible, verb conjugations and other grammatical paradigms should be committed to memory. Reviewing the Principles The principles of the Grammar-Translation Method are organized below by answering the ten questions. Not all the questions are addressed by the Grammar-Translation Method; we will list all the questions, however, so that a comparison among the methods will be easier to make. 1. What are the goals of teachers who use the Grammar-Translation Method? According to the teachers who use the Grammar-Translation Method, a fundamental purpose of learning a foreign language is to be able to read literature written in the target language. To do this, students need to learn about the grammar rules and vocabulary of the target language. In addition, it is believed that studying a foreign language provides students with good mental exercise which helps develop their minds. 2. What is the role of the teacher? What is the role of the students? The roles are very traditional. The teacher is the authority in the classroom. The students do as he says so they can learn what he knows. 3. What are some characteristics of the teaching/learning process? Students are taught to translate from one language to another. Often what they translate are readings in the target language about some aspect of the culture of the foreign language community. Students study grammar deductively; that is, they are given the grammar rules and examples, are told to memorize them, and then are asked to apply the rules to other examples. They also learn grammatical paradigms such as verb conjugations. They memorize native language equivalents for foreign language vocabulary words. 4. What is the nature of student-teacher interaction? What is the nature of student-student interaction? Most of the interaction in the classroom is from the teacher to the students. There is little student initiation and little student-student interaction. 5. How are the feelings of the students dealt with? There are no principles of the method which relate to this area. 6. How is language viewed? How is culture viewed? Literary language is considered superior to spoken language and is therefore the language students study. Culture is viewed as consisting of literature and the fine arts. 7. What areas of language are emphasized? What language skills are emphasized? Vocabulary and grammar are emphasized. Reading and writing are the primary skills that the students work on. There is much less attention given to speaking and listening. Pronunciation receives little, if any, attention. 8. What is the role of the students native language? The meaning of the target language is made clear by translating it into the students native language. The language that is used in class is mostly the students native language. 9. How is evaluation accomplished? Written tests in which students are asked to translate from their native language to the target language or vice versa are often used. Questions about the foreign culture or questions that ask students to apply grammar rules are also common. 10. How does the teacher respond to student errors? Having the students get the correct answer is considered very important. If students make errors or dont know an answer, the teacher supplies them with the correct answer. Some Considerations about the Initial Techniques of Grammar-Translation Method There are some useful techniques associated with the Grammar-Translation Method. Below is an expanded description of some of these techniques. †¢ Translation of a Literary Passage Students translate a reading passage from the target language into their native language. The reading passage then provides the focus for several classes: vocabulary and grammatical structures in the passage are studied in subsequent lessons. The passage may be excerpted from some work from the target language literature, or a teacher may write a passage carefully designed to include particular grammar rules and vocabulary. The translation may be written or spoken or both. Students should not translate idioms and the like literally, but rather in a way that shows that they understand their meaning. Reading Comprehension Questions Students answer questions in the target language based on their understanding of the reading passage. Often the questions are sequenced so that the first group of questions asks for information contained within the reading passage. In order to answer the second group of questions, students will have to make inferences based on their understanding of the pass age. This means they will have to answer questions about the passage even though the answers are not contained in the passage itself. The third group of questions requires students to relate the passage to their own experience. Antonyms/Synonyms Students are given one set of words and are asked to find antonyms in the reading passage. A similar exercise could be done by asking students to find synonyms for a particular set of words. Or students might be asked to define a set of words based on their understanding of them as they occur in the reading passage. Other exercises that ask students to work with the vocabulary of the passage are also possible (Allen 1983). †¢ Cognates Students are taught to recognize cognates by learning the spelling or sound patterns that correspond between the languages. Students are also asked to memorize words that look like cognates but have meanings in the target language that are different from those in the native language. This technique, of course, would only be useful in languages that share cognates. †¢ Deductive Application of Rule Grammar rules are presented with examples. Exceptions to each rule are also noted. Once students understand a rule, they are asked to apply it to some different examples. †¢ Fill-in-the-blanks Students are given a series of sentences with words missing. They fill in the blanks with new vocabulary items or with items of a particular grammar type, such as prepositions or verbs with different tenses. †¢ Memorization Students are given lists of target language vocabulary words and their native language equivalents and are asked to memorize them. Students are also required to memorize grammatical rules and grammatical paradigms such as verb conjugations. †¢ Use Words in Sentences In order to show that students understand the meaning and use of a new vocabulary item, they make up sentences in which they use the new words. †¢ Composition The teacher gives the students a topic to write about in the target language. The topic is based upon some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson. Sometimes, instead of creating a composition, students are asked to prepare a precis of the reading passage. p. s. It does virtually nothing to enhance a students communicative ability in the language. On the other hand, one can understand why Grammar Translation is so popular. It requires few specialized skills on the part of teachers. Tests of grammar rules and of translations are easy to construct and can be objectively scored.